![]() (2004) observed that participants that were asked to imagine an odor and later presented with either the same or different odor were less able to detect the latter. Moreover, studies have demonstrated that both visual (e.g., Craver-Lemley and Reeves, 1992) and auditory (e.g., Segal and Fusella, 1970) imagery can interfere with perceptual thresholds for the same imagery modality. ![]() In the olfactory domain, correspondences for pleasantness, intensity, and familiarity ratings have been established between olfactory perception and imagery (e.g., Carrasco and Ridout, 1993 Sugiyama et al., 2006). ![]() For example, multidimensional scaling studies have demonstrated a correspondence between visual perception and imagery in judgments of shapes (e.g., Shepard and Chipman, 1970) and within audition, a strong association between perceived and imagined musical timbre has been documented (e.g., Intons-Peterson et al., 1992). Table Table1 1 provides an overview of some of these features based on experimental observations across the olfactory, visual, and auditory modalities. The bulk of this work suggests that many features of the olfactory image are shared by visual and auditory imagery. SIMILARITIES AMONG VISUAL, AUDITORY, AND OLFACTORY IMAGERYĪlthough some researchers have declared that we are unable to form olfactory images ( Engen, 1982, 1991 Crowder and Schab, 1995 Herz, 2000), support for an olfactory imagery capacity is currently pervasive. Finally, we discuss factors that moderate the individual differences, such as semantic knowledge, perceptual experience, and olfactory interest. Second, we propose that olfactory imagery is radically different in one important aspect the large individual variation in the capacity to form olfactory images. First, we show that olfactory imagery shares many of the features known for visual and auditory imagery. The aim of this work is to summarize the current findings from three angles similarity, difference, and plasticity. However, more than a century later the scientific evidence pertaining to our ability to form olfactory images is yet scarce although the topic has received an upsurge of interest during the past years. ![]() This statement summarized the opinion stated about the nature of olfactory imagery in one of the first studies targeting mental imagery. “We lay no great weight upon these results, though they are evidently in accord with those obtained with vision and audition” ( Perky, 1910, p. ![]()
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